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Aggregation Pipeline Operators

$literal (aggregation)

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  • Definition
  • Behavior
  • Examples

Definition

$literal

Returns a value without parsing. Use for values that the aggregation pipeline may interpret as an expression.

The $literal expression has the following syntax:

{ $literal: <value> }

Behavior

If the <value> is an expression, $literal does not evaluate the expression but instead returns the unparsed expression.

Example
Result
{ $literal: { $add: [ 2, 3 ] } }
{ "$add" : [ 2, 3 ] }
{ $literal: { $literal: 1 } }
{ "$literal" : 1 }

Examples

Treat $ as a Literal

In expression, the dollar sign $ evaluates to a field path; i.e. provides access to the field. For example, the $eq expression $eq: [ "$price", "$1" ] performs an equality check between the value in the field named price and the value in the field named 1 in the document.

The following example uses a $literal expression to treat a string that contains a dollar sign "$1" as a constant value.

A storeInventory collection has the following documents:

db.storeInventory.insertMany( [
   { "_id" : 1, "item" : "napkins", price: "$2.50" },
   { "_id" : 2, "item" : "coffee", price: "1" },
   { "_id" : 3, "item" : "soap", price: "$1" }
] )
db.storeInventory.aggregate( [
   { $project: { costsOneDollar: { $eq: [ "$price", { $literal: "$1" } ] } } }
] )

This operation projects a field named costsOneDollar that holds a boolean value, indicating whether the value of the price field is equal to the string "$1":

{ "_id" : 1, "costsOneDollar" : false }
{ "_id" : 2, "costsOneDollar" : false }
{ "_id" : 3, "costsOneDollar" : true }

Project a New Field with Value 1

The $project stage uses the expression <field>: 1 to include the <field> in the output. The following example uses the $literal to return a new field set to the value of 1.

A books collection has the following documents:

db.books.insertMany([
   { "_id" : 1, "title" : "Dracula", "condition": "new" },
   { "_id" : 2, "title" : "The Little Prince", "condition": "new" }
])

The { $literal: 1 } expression returns a new editionNumber field set to the value 1:

db.books.aggregate( [
   { $project: { "title": 1, "editionNumber": { $literal: 1 } } }
] )

The operation results in the following documents:

{ "_id" : 1, "title" : "Dracula", "editionNumber" : 1 }
{ "_id" : 2, "title" : "The Little Prince", "editionNumber" : 1 }

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