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Encryption

Encryption at Rest

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  • Encrypted Storage Engine
  • Application Level Encryption

Encryption at rest, when used in conjunction with transport encryption and good security policies that protect relevant accounts, passwords, and encryption keys, can help ensure compliance with security and privacy standards, including HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and FERPA.

Encrypted Storage Engine

Note

Enterprise Feature

Available in MongoDB Enterprise only.

Important

Available for the WiredTiger Storage Engine only.

MongoDB Enterprise 3.2 introduces a native encryption option for the WiredTiger storage engine. This feature allows MongoDB to encrypt data files such that only parties with the decryption key can decode and read the data.

Encryption Process

Note

Changed in version 4.0

MongoDB Enterprise on Windows no longer supports AES256-GCM as a block cipher for encryption at rest. This usage is only supported on Linux.

If encryption is enabled, the default encryption mode that MongoDB Enterprise uses is the AES256-CBC (or 256-bit Advanced Encryption Standard in Cipher Block Chaining mode) via OpenSSL. AES-256 uses a symmetric key; i.e. the same key to encrypt and decrypt text. MongoDB Enterprise for Linux also supports authenticated encryption AES256-GCM (or 256-bit Advanced Encryption Standard in Galois/Counter Mode).

The Encrypted Storage Engine uses the certified cryptography provider of the underlying operating system to perform cryptographic operations. For example, a MongoDB installation on a Linux operating system uses the OpenSSL libcrypto FIPS-140 module.

To run MongoDB in a FIPS-compliant mode:

  1. Configure the operating system to run in FIPS-enforcing mode.

  2. Configure MongoDB to enable the net.tls.FIPSMode setting.

  3. Restart the mongod or mongos.

  4. Check the server log file to confirm that FIPS mode is enabled. If FIPS mode is enabled, the message FIPS 140-2 mode activated appears in the log file.

For more information, see Configure MongoDB for FIPS.

Note

AES256-GCM and Filesystem Backups

For encrypted storage engines that use AES256-GCM encryption mode, AES256-GCM requires that every process use a unique counter block value with the key.

For encrypted storage engine configured with AES256-GCM cipher:

  • Restoring from Hot Backup
    Starting in 4.2, if you restore from files taken via "hot" backup (i.e. the mongod is running), MongoDB can detect "dirty" keys on startup and automatically rollover the database key to avoid IV (Initialization Vector) reuse.
  • Restoring from Cold Backup

    However, if you restore from files taken via "cold" backup (i.e. the mongod is not running), MongoDB cannot detect "dirty" keys on startup, and reuse of IV voids confidentiality and integrity guarantees.

    Starting in 4.2, to avoid the reuse of the keys after restoring from a cold filesystem snapshot, MongoDB adds a new command-line option --eseDatabaseKeyRollover. When started with the --eseDatabaseKeyRollover option, the mongod instance rolls over the database keys configured with AES256-GCM cipher and exits.

Tip

  • In general, if using filesystem based backups for MongoDB Enterprise 4.2+, use the "hot" backup feature, if possible.

  • For MongoDB Enterprise versions 4.0 and earlier, if you use AES256-GCM encryption mode, do not make copies of your data files or restore from filesystem snapshots ("hot" or "cold").

The data encryption process includes:

  • Generating a master key.

  • Generating keys for each database.

  • Encrypting data with the database keys.

  • Encrypting the database keys with the master key.

The encryption occurs transparently in the storage layer; i.e. all data files are fully encrypted from a filesystem perspective, and data only exists in an unencrypted state in memory and during transmission.

To encrypt all of MongoDB's network traffic, you can use TLS/SSL (Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer). See Configure mongod and mongos for TLS/SSL and TLS/SSL Configuration for Clients.

Key Management

Important

Secure management of the encryption keys is critical.

The database keys are internal to the server and are only paged to disk in an encrypted format. MongoDB never pages the master key to disk under any circumstances.

Only the master key is external to the server (i.e. kept separate from the data and the database keys), and requires external management. To manage the master key, MongoDB's encrypted storage engine supports two key management options:

  • Integration with a third party key management appliance via the Key Management Interoperability Protocol (KMIP). Recommended

    Note

    For an integration with a third-party key management appliance using the KMIP, you should allow the following KMIP operations:

    • Create (operation_create)

    • Get (operation_get)

    • Activate (operation_activate)

  • Local key management via a keyfile.

To configure MongoDB for encryption and use one of the two key management options, see Configure Encryption.

Encryption and Replication

Encryption is not a part of replication:

  • Master keys and database keys are not replicated, and

  • Data is not natively encrypted over the wire.

Although you could reuse the same key for the nodes, MongoDB recommends the use of individual keys for each node as well as the use of transport encryption.

For details, see Rotate Encryption Keys.

Audit Log

Available in MongoDB Enterprise only.

Use KMIP Server to Manage Keys for Encrypting the MongoDB Audit Log

Starting in MongoDB 6.0 Enterprise, you can securely manage the keys for encrypting the MongoDB audit log using an external Key Management Interoperability Protocol (KMIP) server.

KMIP simplifies the management of cryptographic keys and eliminates the use of non-standard key management processes.

The default KMIP protocol version is 1.2. You can configure MongoDB to use KMIP version 1.0 or 1.1 in the MongoDB server configuration file.

To use a KMIP server with audit log encryption, configure these settings and parameters:

For testing audit log encryption, you can also use the auditLog.localAuditKeyFile setting.

Starting in MongoDB 6.0, if you need to downgrade to an earlier MongoDB version, you must first disable audit log encryption by removing auditLog.auditEncryptionKeyIdentifier or auditLog.localAuditKeyFile. Existing encrypted audit logs remain encrypted, and you can keep any procedures you have developed for storage and processing of encrypted logs.

Note

For audit log encryption, the audit log destination must be a file. syslog cannot be used as the destination.

Unencrypted Audit Log and Process Log

This section applies if you are not using an external Key Management Interoperability Protocol (KMIP) server to manage keys for encrypting the audit log as shown in the previous section.

The audit log file is not encrypted as a part of MongoDB's encrypted storage engine. A mongod running with logging may output potentially sensitive information to log files as a part of normal operations, depending on the configured log verbosity.

Use the security.redactClientLogData setting to prevent potentially sensitive information from entering the mongod process log. Setting redactClientLogData reduces detail in the log and may complicate log diagnostics.

See the log redaction manual entry for more information.

Application Level Encryption

Application Level Encryption provides encryption on a per-field or per-document basis within the application layer.

New in version 4.2: MongoDB 4.2-series drivers provides a client-side field level encryption framework. For more information, see Client-Side Field Level Encryption.

To encrypt full documents, write custom encryption and decryption routines or use a commercial solution.

For a list of MongoDB's certified partners, refer to the Partners List.

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