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Fundamentals

Explicit Encryption

On this page

  • Overview
  • Use Explicit Encryption
  • Create a ClientEncryption Instance
  • Encrypt Fields in Read and Write Operations
  • Automatic Decryption
  • Server-Side Field Level Encryption Enforcement
  • Learn More

Overview

Explicit encryption provides fine-grained control over security, at the cost of increased complexity when configuring collections and writing code for MongoDB Drivers. With explicit encryption, you specify how to encrypt fields in your document for each operation you perform on the database, and you include this logic throughout your application.

Explicit encryption is available in the following MongoDB products:

  • MongoDB Community Server

  • MongoDB Enterprise Advanced

  • MongoDB Atlas

Use Explicit Encryption

Create a ClientEncryption Instance

ClientEncryption is an abstraction used across drivers and mongosh that encapsulates the Key Vault collection and KMS operations involved in explicit encryption.

To create a ClientEncryption instance, specify:

  • A kmsProviders object configured with access to the KMS provider hosting your Customer Master Key

  • The namespace of your Key Vault collection

  • If you use MongoDB Community Server, set the bypassQueryAnalysis option to True

  • A MongoClient instance with access to your Key Vault collection

For more ClientEncryption options, see MongoClient Options for Queryable Encryption.

Encrypt Fields in Read and Write Operations

You must update read and write operations throughout your application such that your application encrypts fields before performing read and write operations.

To encrypt fields, use the encrypt method of your ClientEncryption instance. Specify the following:

  • The value to be encrypted

  • The algorithm used: Indexed, Unindexed, or Range

  • The ID of the Data Encryption Key

  • The contention factor (if you are using the Indexed or Range algorithm)

  • If you are performing a read operation using the Indexed or Range algorithm, set the query type defined for your field.

  • The range options min, max (if you are using the Range algorithm)

Note

Query Types

The query type only applies to read operations.

To learn more about query types, see Supported Query Types and Behavior.

Algorithm Choice

Use the Indexed or Range algorithm if you specify a queryType on the field.

Indexed supports equality queries. Range supports range queries. Indexed and Range fields require an index on the server. The index is created by specifying the encryptedFields option in db.createCollection().

Note

Starting in MongoDB 8.0, the rangePreview Queryable Encryption algorithm is deprecated and removed. Use the Range algorithm instead.

If your Queryable Encryption collection uses rangePreview, you must drop the collection before you can upgrade to MongoDB 8.0.

Automatic Decryption

To decrypt fields automatically, configure your MongoClient instance as follows:

  • Specify a kmsProviders object

  • Specify your Key Vault collection

  • If you use MongoDB Community Server, set the bypassQueryAnalysis option to True

Note

Automatic Decryption in MongoDB Community Server

Automatic decryption is available in MongoDB Community Server. Automatic encryption requires MongoDB Enterprise or MongoDB Atlas.

Server-Side Field Level Encryption Enforcement

Steps to enforce encryption of specific fields in a collection.

Indexed and Range fields require an index on the server. The index is created by specifying the encryptedFields option in db.createCollection().

If your MongoDB instance enforces the encryption of specific fields, any client performing Queryable Encryption with explicit encryption must encrypt those fields as specified. To learn how to set up server-side Queryable Encryption enforcement, see Encrypted Fields and Enabled Queries.

Learn More

To learn more about Key Vault collections, Data Encryption Keys, and Customer Master Keys, see Encryption Keys and Key Vaults.

To learn more about KMS providers and kmsProviders objects, see KMS Providers.

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