드라이버 API

static bool
with_transaction_example (bson_error_t *error)
{
   mongoc_client_t *client = NULL;
   mongoc_write_concern_t *wc = NULL;
   mongoc_collection_t *coll = NULL;
   bool success = false;
   bool ret = false;
   bson_t *doc = NULL;
   bson_t *insert_opts = NULL;
   mongoc_client_session_t *session = NULL;
   mongoc_transaction_opt_t *txn_opts = NULL;
   /* For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the
    * members in the URI string; e.g.
    * uri_repl = "mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:" \
    *    "27017/?replicaSet=myRepl";
    * client = mongoc_client_new (uri_repl);
    * For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
    * uri_sharded =
    * "mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/";
    * client = mongoc_client_new (uri_sharded);
    */
   client = get_client ();
   /* Prereq: Create collections. Note Atlas connection strings include a majority write
    * concern by default.
    */
   wc = mongoc_write_concern_new ();
   mongoc_write_concern_set_wmajority (wc, 0);
   insert_opts = bson_new ();
   mongoc_write_concern_append (wc, insert_opts);
   coll = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "mydb1", "foo");
   doc = BCON_NEW ("abc", BCON_INT32 (0));
   ret = mongoc_collection_insert_one (coll, doc, insert_opts, NULL /* reply */, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   bson_destroy (doc);
   mongoc_collection_destroy (coll);
   coll = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "mydb2", "bar");
   doc = BCON_NEW ("xyz", BCON_INT32 (0));
   ret = mongoc_collection_insert_one (coll, doc, insert_opts, NULL /* reply */, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   /* Step 1: Start a client session. */
   session = mongoc_client_start_session (client, NULL /* opts */, error);
   if (!session) {
      goto fail;
   }
   /* Step 2: Optional. Define options to use for the transaction. */
   txn_opts = mongoc_transaction_opts_new ();
   mongoc_transaction_opts_set_write_concern (txn_opts, wc);
   /* Step 3: Use mongoc_client_session_with_transaction to start a transaction,
    * execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error). */
   ret = mongoc_client_session_with_transaction (session, callback, txn_opts, NULL /* ctx */, NULL /* reply */, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   success = true;
fail:
   bson_destroy (doc);
   mongoc_collection_destroy (coll);
   bson_destroy (insert_opts);
   mongoc_write_concern_destroy (wc);
   mongoc_transaction_opts_destroy (txn_opts);
   mongoc_client_session_destroy (session);
   mongoc_client_destroy (client);
   return success;
}
/* Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform
 * inside the transactions. */
static bool
callback (mongoc_client_session_t *session, void *ctx, bson_t **reply, bson_error_t *error)
{
   mongoc_client_t *client = NULL;
   mongoc_collection_t *coll = NULL;
   bson_t *doc = NULL;
   bool success = false;
   bool ret = false;
   BSON_UNUSED (ctx);
   client = mongoc_client_session_get_client (session);
   coll = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "mydb1", "foo");
   doc = BCON_NEW ("abc", BCON_INT32 (1));
   ret = mongoc_collection_insert_one (coll, doc, NULL /* opts */, *reply, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   bson_destroy (doc);
   mongoc_collection_destroy (coll);
   coll = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "mydb2", "bar");
   doc = BCON_NEW ("xyz", BCON_INT32 (999));
   ret = mongoc_collection_insert_one (coll, doc, NULL /* opts */, *reply, error);
   if (!ret) {
      goto fail;
   }
   success = true;
fail:
   mongoc_collection_destroy (coll);
   bson_destroy (doc);
   return success;
}

// The mongocxx::instance constructor and destructor initialize and shut down the driver,
// respectively. Therefore, a mongocxx::instance must be created before using the driver and
// must remain alive for as long as the driver is in use.
mongocxx::instance inst{};
// For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI
// string; e.g.
// uriString =
// 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
// For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
// uriString = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
mongocxx::client client{mongocxx::uri{"mongodb://localhost/?replicaSet=repl0"}};
write_concern wc_majority{};
wc_majority.acknowledge_level(write_concern::level::k_majority);
read_concern rc_local{};
rc_local.acknowledge_level(read_concern::level::k_local);
read_preference rp_primary{};
rp_primary.mode(read_preference::read_mode::k_primary);
// Prereq: Create collections.
auto foo = client["mydb1"]["foo"];
auto bar = client["mydb2"]["bar"];
try {
    options::insert opts;
    opts.write_concern(wc_majority);
    foo.insert_one(make_document(kvp("abc", 0)), opts);
    bar.insert_one(make_document(kvp("xyz", 0)), opts);
} catch (const mongocxx::exception& e) {
    std::cout << "An exception occurred while inserting: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
// Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the
// transactions.
client_session::with_transaction_cb callback = [&](client_session* session) {
    // Important::  You must pass the session to the operations.
    foo.insert_one(*session, make_document(kvp("abc", 1)));
    bar.insert_one(*session, make_document(kvp("xyz", 999)));
};
// Step 2: Start a client session
auto session = client.start_session();
// Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback,
// and commit (or abort on error).
try {
    options::transaction opts;
    opts.write_concern(wc_majority);
    opts.read_concern(rc_local);
    opts.read_preference(rp_primary);
    session.with_transaction(callback, opts);
} catch (const mongocxx::exception& e) {
    std::cout << "An exception occurred: " << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;

// For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
// string uri = "mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl";
// For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
// string uri = "mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/";
var client = new MongoClient(connectionString);
// Prereq: Create collections.
var database1 = client.GetDatabase("mydb1");
var collection1 = database1.GetCollection<BsonDocument>("foo").WithWriteConcern(WriteConcern.WMajority);
collection1.InsertOne(new BsonDocument("abc", 0));
var database2 = client.GetDatabase("mydb2");
var collection2 = database2.GetCollection<BsonDocument>("bar").WithWriteConcern(WriteConcern.WMajority);
collection2.InsertOne(new BsonDocument("xyz", 0));
// Step 1: Start a client session.
using (var session = client.StartSession())
{
    // Step 2: Optional. Define options to use for the transaction.
    var transactionOptions = new TransactionOptions(
        writeConcern: WriteConcern.WMajority);
    // Step 3: Define the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions
    var cancellationToken = CancellationToken.None; // normally a real token would be used
    result = session.WithTransaction(
        (s, ct) =>
        {
            try
            {
                collection1.InsertOne(s, new BsonDocument("abc", 1), cancellationToken: ct);
                collection2.InsertOne(s, new BsonDocument("xyz", 999), cancellationToken: ct);
            }
            catch (MongoWriteException)
            {
                // Do something in response to the exception
                throw; // NOTE: You must rethrow the exception otherwise an infinite loop can occur.
            }
            return "Inserted into collections in different databases";
        },
        transactionOptions,
        cancellationToken);
}

// WithTransactionExample is an example of using the Session.WithTransaction function.
func WithTransactionExample(ctx context.Context) error {
	// For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
	// uri := "mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl"
	// For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
	// uri := "mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/"
	uri := mtest.ClusterURI()
	clientOpts := options.Client().ApplyURI(uri)
	client, err := mongo.Connect(clientOpts)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer func() { _ = client.Disconnect(ctx) }()
	// Prereq: Create collections.
	wcMajority := writeconcern.Majority()
	wcMajorityCollectionOpts := options.Collection().SetWriteConcern(wcMajority)
	fooColl := client.Database("mydb1").Collection("foo", wcMajorityCollectionOpts)
	barColl := client.Database("mydb1").Collection("bar", wcMajorityCollectionOpts)
	// Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transaction.
	callback := func(sesctx context.Context) (interface{}, error) {
		// Important: You must pass sesctx as the Context parameter to the operations for them to be executed in the
		// transaction.
		if _, err := fooColl.InsertOne(sesctx, bson.D{{"abc", 1}}); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if _, err := barColl.InsertOne(sesctx, bson.D{{"xyz", 999}}); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		return nil, nil
	}
	// Step 2: Start a session and run the callback using WithTransaction.
	session, err := client.StartSession()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer session.EndSession(ctx)
	result, err := session.WithTransaction(ctx, callback)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	log.Printf("result: %v\n", result)
	return nil
}

/*
For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
String uri = "mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/admin?replicaSet=myRepl";
For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
String uri = "mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017:27017/admin";
*/
final MongoClient client = MongoClients.create(uri);
/*
   Create collections.
*/
client.getDatabase("mydb1").getCollection("foo")
      .withWriteConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY).insertOne( new Document("abc", 0));
client.getDatabase("mydb2").getCollection("bar")
      .withWriteConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY).insertOne( new Document("xyz", 0));
/* Step 1: Start a client session. */
final ClientSession clientSession = client.startSession();
/* Step 2: Optional. Define options to use for the transaction. */
TransactionOptions txnOptions = TransactionOptions.builder()
      .readPreference(ReadPreference.primary())
      .readConcern(ReadConcern.LOCAL)
      .writeConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY)
      .build();
/* Step 3: Define the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions. */
TransactionBody txnBody = new TransactionBody<String>() {
   public String execute() {
      MongoCollection<Document> coll1 = client.getDatabase("mydb1").getCollection("foo");
      MongoCollection<Document> coll2 = client.getDatabase("mydb2").getCollection("bar");
      /*
         Important:: You must pass the session to the operations..
         */
      coll1.insertOne(clientSession, new Document("abc", 1));
      coll2.insertOne(clientSession, new Document("xyz", 999));
      return "Inserted into collections in different databases";
   }
};
try {
   /*
      Step 4: Use .withTransaction() to start a transaction,
      execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
   */
   clientSession.withTransaction(txnBody, txnOptions);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
   // some error handling
} finally {
   clientSession.close();
}

# For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
# For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
client = AsyncIOMotorClient(uriString)
wc_majority = WriteConcern("majority", wtimeout=1000)
# Prereq: Create collections.
await client.get_database("mydb1", write_concern=wc_majority).foo.insert_one({"abc": 0})
await client.get_database("mydb2", write_concern=wc_majority).bar.insert_one({"xyz": 0})
# Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions.
async def callback(my_session):
    collection_one = my_session.client.mydb1.foo
    collection_two = my_session.client.mydb2.bar
    # Important:: You must pass the session to the operations.
    await collection_one.insert_one({"abc": 1}, session=my_session)
    await collection_two.insert_one({"xyz": 999}, session=my_session)
# Step 2: Start a client session.
async with await client.start_session() as session:
    # Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
    await session.with_transaction(
        callback,
        read_concern=ReadConcern("local"),
        write_concern=wc_majority,
        read_preference=ReadPreference.PRIMARY,
    )

  // For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
  // const uri = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
  // For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
  // const uri = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
  const client = new MongoClient(uri);
  await client.connect();
  // Prereq: Create collections.
  await client
    .db('mydb1')
    .collection('foo')
    .insertOne({ abc: 0 }, { writeConcern: { w: 'majority' } });
  await client
    .db('mydb2')
    .collection('bar')
    .insertOne({ xyz: 0 }, { writeConcern: { w: 'majority' } });
  // Step 1: Start a Client Session
  const session = client.startSession();
  // Step 2: Optional. Define options to use for the transaction
  const transactionOptions = {
    readPreference: 'primary',
    readConcern: { level: 'local' },
    writeConcern: { w: 'majority' }
  };
  // Step 3: Use withTransaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error)
  // Note: The callback for withTransaction MUST be async and/or return a Promise.
  try {
    await session.withTransaction(async () => {
      const coll1 = client.db('mydb1').collection('foo');
      const coll2 = client.db('mydb2').collection('bar');
      // Important:: You must pass the session to the operations
      await coll1.insertOne({ abc: 1 }, { session });
      await coll2.insertOne({ xyz: 999 }, { session });
    }, transactionOptions);
  } finally {
    await session.endSession();
    await client.close();
  }

/*
 * For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
 * uriString = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
 * For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
 * uriString = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
 */
$client = new \MongoDB\Client($uriString);
// Prerequisite: Create collections.
$client->selectCollection(
    'mydb1',
    'foo',
    [
        'writeConcern' => new \MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern(\MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern::MAJORITY, 1000),
    ],
)->insertOne(['abc' => 0]);
$client->selectCollection(
    'mydb2',
    'bar',
    [
        'writeConcern' => new \MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern(\MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern::MAJORITY, 1000),
    ],
)->insertOne(['xyz' => 0]);
// Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions.
$callback = function (\MongoDB\Driver\Session $session) use ($client): void {
    $client
        ->selectCollection('mydb1', 'foo')
        ->insertOne(['abc' => 1], ['session' => $session]);
    $client
        ->selectCollection('mydb2', 'bar')
        ->insertOne(['xyz' => 999], ['session' => $session]);
};
// Step 2: Start a client session.
$session = $client->startSession();
// Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
\MongoDB\with_transaction($session, $callback);

# For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
# For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
client = MongoClient(uriString)
wc_majority = WriteConcern("majority", wtimeout=1000)
# Prereq: Create collections.
client.get_database("mydb1", write_concern=wc_majority).foo.insert_one({"abc": 0})
client.get_database("mydb2", write_concern=wc_majority).bar.insert_one({"xyz": 0})
# Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions.
def callback(session):
    collection_one = session.client.mydb1.foo
    collection_two = session.client.mydb2.bar
    # Important:: You must pass the session to the operations.
    collection_one.insert_one({"abc": 1}, session=session)
    collection_two.insert_one({"xyz": 999}, session=session)
# Step 2: Start a client session.
with client.start_session() as session:
    # Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
    session.with_transaction(
        callback,
        read_concern=ReadConcern("local"),
        write_concern=wc_majority,
        read_preference=ReadPreference.PRIMARY,
    )

# For a replica set, include the replica set name and a seedlist of the members in the URI string; e.g.
# uriString = 'mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017,mongodb1.example.com:27017/?replicaSet=myRepl'
# For a sharded cluster, connect to the mongos instances; e.g.
# uri_string = 'mongodb://mongos0.example.com:27017,mongos1.example.com:27017/'
client = Mongo::Client.new(uri_string, write_concern: {w: :majority, wtimeout: 1000})
# Prereq: Create collections.
client.use('mydb1')['foo'].insert_one(abc: 0)
client.use('mydb2')['bar'].insert_one(xyz: 0)
# Step 1: Define the callback that specifies the sequence of operations to perform inside the transactions.
callback = Proc.new do |my_session|
  collection_one = client.use('mydb1')['foo']
  collection_two = client.use('mydb2')['bar']
  # Important: You must pass the session to the operations.
  collection_one.insert_one({'abc': 1}, session: my_session)
  collection_two.insert_one({'xyz': 999}, session: my_session)
end
#. Step 2: Start a client session.
session = client.start_session
# Step 3: Use with_transaction to start a transaction, execute the callback, and commit (or abort on error).
session.with_transaction(
  read_concern: {level: :local},
  write_concern: {w: :majority, wtimeout: 1000},
  read: {mode: :primary},
  &callback)

/* takes a session, an out-param for server reply, and out-param for error. */
typedef bool (*txn_func_t) (mongoc_client_session_t *, bson_t *, bson_error_t *);
/* runs transactions with retry logic */
bool
run_transaction_with_retry (txn_func_t txn_func, mongoc_client_session_t *cs, bson_error_t *error)
{
   bson_t reply;
   bool r;
   while (true) {
      /* perform transaction */
      r = txn_func (cs, &reply, error);
      if (r) {
         /* success */
         bson_destroy (&reply);
         return true;
      }
      MONGOC_WARNING ("Transaction aborted: %s", error->message);
      if (mongoc_error_has_label (&reply, "TransientTransactionError")) {
         /* on transient error, retry the whole transaction */
         MONGOC_WARNING ("TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction...");
         bson_destroy (&reply);
      } else {
         /* non-transient error */
         break;
      }
   }
   bson_destroy (&reply);
   return false;
}
/* commit transactions with retry logic */
bool
commit_with_retry (mongoc_client_session_t *cs, bson_error_t *error)
{
   bson_t reply;
   bool r;
   while (true) {
      /* commit uses write concern set at transaction start, see
       * mongoc_transaction_opts_set_write_concern */
      r = mongoc_client_session_commit_transaction (cs, &reply, error);
      if (r) {
         MONGOC_DEBUG ("Transaction committed");
         break;
      }
      if (mongoc_error_has_label (&reply, "UnknownTransactionCommitResult")) {
         MONGOC_WARNING ("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit ...");
         bson_destroy (&reply);
      } else {
         /* commit failed, cannot retry */
         break;
      }
   }
   bson_destroy (&reply);
   return r;
}
/* updates two collections in a transaction and calls commit_with_retry */
bool
update_employee_info (mongoc_client_session_t *cs, bson_t *reply, bson_error_t *error)
{
   mongoc_client_t *client;
   mongoc_collection_t *employees;
   mongoc_collection_t *events;
   mongoc_read_concern_t *rc;
   mongoc_write_concern_t *wc;
   mongoc_transaction_opt_t *txn_opts;
   bson_t opts = BSON_INITIALIZER;
   bson_t *filter = NULL;
   bson_t *update = NULL;
   bson_t *event = NULL;
   bool r;
   bson_init (reply);
   client = mongoc_client_session_get_client (cs);
   employees = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "hr", "employees");
   events = mongoc_client_get_collection (client, "reporting", "events");
   rc = mongoc_read_concern_new ();
   mongoc_read_concern_set_level (rc, MONGOC_READ_CONCERN_LEVEL_SNAPSHOT);
   wc = mongoc_write_concern_new ();
   mongoc_write_concern_set_w (
      wc, MONGOC_WRITE_CONCERN_W_MAJORITY); /* Atlas connection strings include majority by default*/
   txn_opts = mongoc_transaction_opts_new ();
   mongoc_transaction_opts_set_read_concern (txn_opts, rc);
   mongoc_transaction_opts_set_write_concern (txn_opts, wc);
   r = mongoc_client_session_start_transaction (cs, txn_opts, error);
   if (!r) {
      goto done;
   }
   r = mongoc_client_session_append (cs, &opts, error);
   if (!r) {
      goto done;
   }
   filter = BCON_NEW ("employee", BCON_INT32 (3));
   update = BCON_NEW ("$set", "{", "status", "Inactive", "}");
   /* mongoc_collection_update_one will reinitialize reply */
   bson_destroy (reply);
   r = mongoc_collection_update_one (employees, filter, update, &opts, reply, error);
   if (!r) {
      goto abort;
   }
   event = BCON_NEW ("employee", BCON_INT32 (3));
   BCON_APPEND (event, "status", "{", "new", "Inactive", "old", "Active", "}");
   bson_destroy (reply);
   r = mongoc_collection_insert_one (events, event, &opts, reply, error);
   if (!r) {
      goto abort;
   }
   r = commit_with_retry (cs, error);
abort:
   if (!r) {
      MONGOC_ERROR ("Aborting due to error in transaction: %s", error->message);
      mongoc_client_session_abort_transaction (cs, NULL);
   }
done:
   mongoc_collection_destroy (employees);
   mongoc_collection_destroy (events);
   mongoc_read_concern_destroy (rc);
   mongoc_write_concern_destroy (wc);
   mongoc_transaction_opts_destroy (txn_opts);
   bson_destroy (&opts);
   bson_destroy (filter);
   bson_destroy (update);
   bson_destroy (event);
   return r;
}
void
example_func (mongoc_client_t *client)
{
   mongoc_client_session_t *cs;
   bson_error_t error;
   bool r;
   ASSERT (client);
   cs = mongoc_client_start_session (client, NULL, &error);
   if (!cs) {
      MONGOC_ERROR ("Could not start session: %s", error.message);
      return;
   }
   r = run_transaction_with_retry (update_employee_info, cs, &error);
   if (!r) {
      MONGOC_ERROR ("Could not update employee, permanent error: %s", error.message);
   }
   mongoc_client_session_destroy (cs);
}

using transaction_func = std::function<void(client_session & session)>;
auto run_transaction_with_retry = [](transaction_func txn_func, client_session& session) {
    while (true) {
        try {
            txn_func(session);  // performs transaction.
            break;
        } catch (const operation_exception& oe) {
            std::cout << "Transaction aborted. Caught exception during transaction."
                      << std::endl;
            // If transient error, retry the whole transaction.
            if (oe.has_error_label("TransientTransactionError")) {
                std::cout << "TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction ..."
                          << std::endl;
                continue;
            } else {
                throw oe;
            }
        }
    }
};
auto commit_with_retry = [](client_session& session) {
    while (true) {
        try {
            session.commit_transaction();  // Uses write concern set at transaction start.
            std::cout << "Transaction committed." << std::endl;
            break;
        } catch (const operation_exception& oe) {
            // Can retry commit
            if (oe.has_error_label("UnknownTransactionCommitResult")) {
                std::cout << "UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ..."
                          << std::endl;
                continue;
            } else {
                std::cout << "Error during commit ..." << std::endl;
                throw oe;
            }
        }
    }
};
// Updates two collections in a transaction
auto update_employee_info = [&](client_session& session) {
    auto& client = session.client();
    auto employees = client["hr"]["employees"];
    auto events = client["reporting"]["events"];
    options::transaction txn_opts;
    read_concern rc;
    rc.acknowledge_level(read_concern::level::k_snapshot);
    txn_opts.read_concern(rc);
    write_concern wc;
    wc.acknowledge_level(write_concern::level::k_majority);
    txn_opts.write_concern(wc);
    session.start_transaction(txn_opts);
    try {
        employees.update_one(
            make_document(kvp("employee", 3)),
            make_document(kvp("$set", make_document(kvp("status", "Inactive")))));
        events.insert_one(make_document(
            kvp("employee", 3),
            kvp("status", make_document(kvp("new", "Inactive"), kvp("old", "Active")))));
    } catch (const operation_exception& oe) {
        std::cout << "Caught exception during transaction, aborting." << std::endl;
        session.abort_transaction();
        throw oe;
    }
    commit_with_retry(session);
};
auto session = client.start_session();
try {
    run_transaction_with_retry(update_employee_info, session);
} catch (const operation_exception& oe) {
    // Do something with error.
    throw oe;
}

public void RunTransactionWithRetry(Action<IMongoClient, IClientSessionHandle> txnFunc, IMongoClient client, IClientSessionHandle session)
{
    while (true)
    {
        try
        {
            txnFunc(client, session); // performs transaction
            break;
        }
        catch (MongoException exception)
        {
            // if transient error, retry the whole transaction
            if (exception.HasErrorLabel("TransientTransactionError"))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction.");
                continue;
            }
            else
            {
                throw;
            }
        }
    }
}
public void CommitWithRetry(IClientSessionHandle session)
{
    while (true)
    {
        try
        {
            session.CommitTransaction();
            Console.WriteLine("Transaction committed.");
            break;
        }
        catch (MongoException exception)
        {
            // can retry commit
            if (exception.HasErrorLabel("UnknownTransactionCommitResult"))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation");
                continue;
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"Error during commit: {exception.Message}.");
                throw;
            }
        }
    }
}
// updates two collections in a transaction
public void UpdateEmployeeInfo(IMongoClient client, IClientSessionHandle session)
{
    var employeesCollection = client.GetDatabase("hr").GetCollection<BsonDocument>("employees");
    var eventsCollection = client.GetDatabase("reporting").GetCollection<BsonDocument>("events");
    session.StartTransaction(new TransactionOptions(
        readConcern: ReadConcern.Snapshot,
        writeConcern: WriteConcern.WMajority));
    try
    {
        employeesCollection.UpdateOne(
            session,
            Builders<BsonDocument>.Filter.Eq("employee", 3),
            Builders<BsonDocument>.Update.Set("status", "Inactive"));
        eventsCollection.InsertOne(
            session,
            new BsonDocument
            {
                { "employee", 3 },
                { "status", new BsonDocument { { "new", "Inactive" }, { "old", "Active" } } }
            });
    }
    catch (Exception exception)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Caught exception during transaction, aborting: {exception.Message}.");
        session.AbortTransaction();
        throw;
    }
    CommitWithRetry(session);
}
public void UpdateEmployeeInfoWithTransactionRetry(IMongoClient client)
{
    // start a session
    using (var session = client.StartSession())
    {
        try
        {
            RunTransactionWithRetry(UpdateEmployeeInfo, client, session);
        }
        catch (Exception exception)
        {
            // do something with error
            Console.WriteLine($"Non transient exception caught during transaction: ${exception.Message}.");
        }
    }
}

	runTransactionWithRetry := func(ctx context.Context, txnFn func(context.Context) error) error {
		for {
			err := txnFn(ctx) // Performs transaction.
			if err == nil {
				return nil
			}
			log.Println("Transaction aborted. Caught exception during transaction.")
			// If transient error, retry the whole transaction
			if cmdErr, ok := err.(mongo.CommandError); ok && cmdErr.HasErrorLabel("TransientTransactionError") {
				log.Println("TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction...")
				continue
			}
			return err
		}
	}
	commitWithRetry := func(ctx context.Context) error {
		sess := mongo.SessionFromContext(ctx)
		for {
			err := sess.CommitTransaction(ctx)
			switch e := err.(type) {
			case nil:
				log.Println("Transaction committed.")
				return nil
			case mongo.CommandError:
				// Can retry commit
				if e.HasErrorLabel("UnknownTransactionCommitResult") {
					log.Println("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation...")
					continue
				}
				log.Println("Error during commit...")
				return e
			default:
				log.Println("Error during commit...")
				return e
			}
		}
	}
	// Updates two collections in a transaction.
	updateEmployeeInfo := func(ctx context.Context) error {
		employees := client.Database("hr").Collection("employees")
		events := client.Database("reporting").Collection("events")
		sess := mongo.SessionFromContext(ctx)
		err := sess.StartTransaction(options.Transaction().
			SetReadConcern(readconcern.Snapshot()).
			SetWriteConcern(writeconcern.Majority()),
		)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		_, err = employees.UpdateOne(ctx, bson.D{{"employee", 3}}, bson.D{{"$set", bson.D{{"status", "Inactive"}}}})
		if err != nil {
			sess.AbortTransaction(ctx)
			log.Println("caught exception during transaction, aborting.")
			return err
		}
		_, err = events.InsertOne(ctx, bson.D{{"employee", 3}, {"status", bson.D{{"new", "Inactive"}, {"old", "Active"}}}})
		if err != nil {
			sess.AbortTransaction(ctx)
			log.Println("caught exception during transaction, aborting.")
			return err
		}
		return commitWithRetry(ctx)
	}
	txnOpts := options.Transaction().SetReadPreference(readpref.Primary())
	return client.UseSessionWithOptions(
		ctx, options.Session().SetDefaultTransactionOptions(txnOpts),
		func(ctx context.Context) error {
			return runTransactionWithRetry(ctx, updateEmployeeInfo)
		},
	)
}

void runTransactionWithRetry(Runnable transactional) {
    while (true) {
        try {
            transactional.run();
            break;
        } catch (MongoException e) {
            System.out.println("Transaction aborted. Caught exception during transaction.");
            if (e.hasErrorLabel(MongoException.TRANSIENT_TRANSACTION_ERROR_LABEL)) {
                System.out.println("TransientTransactionError, aborting transaction and retrying ...");
                continue;
            } else {
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }
}
void commitWithRetry(ClientSession clientSession) {
    while (true) {
        try {
            clientSession.commitTransaction();
            System.out.println("Transaction committed");
            break;
        } catch (MongoException e) {
            // can retry commit
            if (e.hasErrorLabel(MongoException.UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION_COMMIT_RESULT_LABEL)) {
                System.out.println("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ...");
                continue;
            } else {
                System.out.println("Exception during commit ...");
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }
}
void updateEmployeeInfo() {
    MongoCollection<Document> employeesCollection = client.getDatabase("hr").getCollection("employees");
    MongoCollection<Document> eventsCollection = client.getDatabase("reporting").getCollection("events");
    TransactionOptions txnOptions = TransactionOptions.builder()
            .readPreference(ReadPreference.primary())
            .readConcern(ReadConcern.MAJORITY)
            .writeConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY)
            .build();
    try (ClientSession clientSession = client.startSession()) {
        clientSession.startTransaction(txnOptions);
        employeesCollection.updateOne(clientSession,
                Filters.eq("employee", 3),
                Updates.set("status", "Inactive"));
        eventsCollection.insertOne(clientSession,
                new Document("employee", 3).append("status", new Document("new", "Inactive").append("old", "Active")));
        commitWithRetry(clientSession);
    }
}
void updateEmployeeInfoWithRetry() {
    runTransactionWithRetry(this::updateEmployeeInfo);
}

async function commitWithRetry(session) {
  try {
    await session.commitTransaction();
    console.log('Transaction committed.');
  } catch (error) {
    if (error.hasErrorLabel('UnknownTransactionCommitResult')) {
      console.log('UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ...');
      await commitWithRetry(session);
    } else {
      console.log('Error during commit ...');
      throw error;
    }
  }
}
async function runTransactionWithRetry(txnFunc, client, session) {
  try {
    await txnFunc(client, session);
  } catch (error) {
    console.log('Transaction aborted. Caught exception during transaction.');
    // If transient error, retry the whole transaction
    if (error.hasErrorLabel('TransientTransactionError')) {
      console.log('TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction ...');
      await runTransactionWithRetry(txnFunc, client, session);
    } else {
      throw error;
    }
  }
}
async function updateEmployeeInfo(client, session) {
  session.startTransaction({
    readConcern: { level: 'snapshot' },
    writeConcern: { w: 'majority' },
    readPreference: 'primary'
  });
  const employeesCollection = client.db('hr').collection('employees');
  const eventsCollection = client.db('reporting').collection('events');
  await employeesCollection.updateOne(
    { employee: 3 },
    { $set: { status: 'Inactive' } },
    { session }
  );
  await eventsCollection.insertOne(
    {
      employee: 3,
      status: { new: 'Inactive', old: 'Active' }
    },
    { session }
  );
  try {
    await commitWithRetry(session);
  } catch (error) {
    await session.abortTransaction();
    throw error;
  }
}
return client.withSession(session =>
  runTransactionWithRetry(updateEmployeeInfo, client, session)
);

sub runTransactionWithRetry {
    my ( $txnFunc, $session ) = @_;
    LOOP: {
        eval {
            $txnFunc->($session); # performs transaction
        };
        if ( my $error = $@ ) {
            print("Transaction aborted-> Caught exception during transaction.\n");
            # If transient error, retry the whole transaction
            if ( $error->has_error_label("TransientTransactionError") ) {
                print("TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction ->..\n");
                redo LOOP;
            }
            else {
                die $error;
            }
        }
    }
    return;
}
sub commitWithRetry {
    my ($session) = @_;
    LOOP: {
        eval {
            $session->commit_transaction(); # Uses write concern set at transaction start.
            print("Transaction committed->\n");
        };
        if ( my $error = $@ ) {
            # Can retry commit
            if ( $error->has_error_label("UnknownTransactionCommitResult") ) {
                print("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ->..\n");
                redo LOOP;
            }
            else {
                print("Error during commit ->..\n");
                die $error;
            }
        }
    }
    return;
}
# Updates two collections in a transactions
sub updateEmployeeInfo {
    my ($session) = @_;
    my $employeesCollection = $session->client->ns("hr.employees");
    my $eventsCollection    = $session->client->ns("reporting.events");
    $session->start_transaction(
        {
            readConcern  => { level => "snapshot" },
            writeConcern => { w     => "majority" },
            readPreference => 'primary',
        }
    );
    eval {
        $employeesCollection->update_one(
            { employee => 3 }, { '$set' => { status => "Inactive" } },
            { session => $session},
        );
        $eventsCollection->insert_one(
            { employee => 3, status => { new => "Inactive", old => "Active" } },
            { session => $session},
        );
    };
    if ( my $error = $@ ) {
        print("Caught exception during transaction, aborting->\n");
        $session->abort_transaction();
        die $error;
    }
    commitWithRetry($session);
}
# Start a session
my $session = $client->start_session();
eval {
    runTransactionWithRetry(\&updateEmployeeInfo, $session);
};
if ( my $error = $@ ) {
    # Do something with error
}
$session->end_session();

private function runTransactionWithRetry3(callable $txnFunc, \MongoDB\Client $client, \MongoDB\Driver\Session $session): void
{
    while (true) {
        try {
            $txnFunc($client, $session);  // performs transaction
            break;
        } catch (\MongoDB\Driver\Exception\CommandException $error) {
            $resultDoc = $error->getResultDocument();
            // If transient error, retry the whole transaction
            if (isset($resultDoc->errorLabels) && in_array('TransientTransactionError', $resultDoc->errorLabels)) {
                continue;
            } else {
                throw $error;
            }
        } catch (\MongoDB\Driver\Exception\Exception $error) {
            throw $error;
        }
    }
}
private function commitWithRetry3(\MongoDB\Driver\Session $session): void
{
    while (true) {
        try {
            $session->commitTransaction();
            echo "Transaction committed.\n";
            break;
        } catch (\MongoDB\Driver\Exception\CommandException $error) {
            $resultDoc = $error->getResultDocument();
            if (isset($resultDoc->errorLabels) && in_array('UnknownTransactionCommitResult', $resultDoc->errorLabels)) {
                echo "UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ...\n";
                continue;
            } else {
                echo "Error during commit ...\n";
                throw $error;
            }
        } catch (\MongoDB\Driver\Exception\Exception $error) {
            echo "Error during commit ...\n";
            throw $error;
        }
    }
}
private function updateEmployeeInfo3(\MongoDB\Client $client, \MongoDB\Driver\Session $session): void
{
    $session->startTransaction([
        'readConcern' => new \MongoDB\Driver\ReadConcern('snapshot'),
        'readPrefernece' => new \MongoDB\Driver\ReadPreference(\MongoDB\Driver\ReadPreference::PRIMARY),
        'writeConcern' => new \MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern(\MongoDB\Driver\WriteConcern::MAJORITY),
    ]);
    try {
        $client->hr->employees->updateOne(
            ['employee' => 3],
            ['$set' => ['status' => 'Inactive']],
            ['session' => $session],
        );
        $client->reporting->events->insertOne(
            ['employee' => 3, 'status' => ['new' => 'Inactive', 'old' => 'Active']],
            ['session' => $session],
        );
    } catch (\MongoDB\Driver\Exception\Exception $error) {
        echo "Caught exception during transaction, aborting.\n";
        $session->abortTransaction();
        throw $error;
    }
    $this->commitWithRetry3($session);
}
private function doUpdateEmployeeInfo(\MongoDB\Client $client): void
{
    // Start a session.
    $session = $client->startSession();
    try {
        $this->runTransactionWithRetry3([$this, 'updateEmployeeInfo3'], $client, $session);
    } catch (\MongoDB\Driver\Exception\Exception) {
        // Do something with error
    }
}

def run_transaction_with_retry(txn_func, session):
    while True:
        try:
            txn_func(session)  # performs transaction
            break
        except (ConnectionFailure, OperationFailure) as exc:
            # If transient error, retry the whole transaction
            if exc.has_error_label("TransientTransactionError"):
                print("TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction ...")
                continue
            else:
                raise
def commit_with_retry(session):
    while True:
        try:
            # Commit uses write concern set at transaction start.
            session.commit_transaction()
            print("Transaction committed.")
            break
        except (ConnectionFailure, OperationFailure) as exc:
            # Can retry commit
            if exc.has_error_label("UnknownTransactionCommitResult"):
                print("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ...")
                continue
            else:
                print("Error during commit ...")
                raise
# Updates two collections in a transactions
def update_employee_info(session):
    employees_coll = session.client.hr.employees
    events_coll = session.client.reporting.events
    with session.start_transaction(
        read_concern=ReadConcern("snapshot"),
        write_concern=WriteConcern(w="majority"),
        read_preference=ReadPreference.PRIMARY,
    ):
        employees_coll.update_one(
            {"employee": 3}, {"$set": {"status": "Inactive"}}, session=session
        )
        events_coll.insert_one(
            {"employee": 3, "status": {"new": "Inactive", "old": "Active"}}, session=session
        )
        commit_with_retry(session)
# Start a session.
with client.start_session() as session:
    try:
        run_transaction_with_retry(update_employee_info, session)
    except Exception:
        # Do something with error.
        raise

def run_transaction_with_retry(session)
  begin
    yield session # performs transaction
  rescue Mongo::Error => e
    puts 'Transaction aborted. Caught exception during transaction.'
    raise unless e.label?('TransientTransactionError')
    puts "TransientTransactionError, retrying transaction ..."
    retry
  end
end
def commit_with_retry(session)
  begin
    session.commit_transaction
    puts 'Transaction committed.'
  rescue Mongo::Error => e
    if e.label?('UnknownTransactionCommitResult')
      puts "UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ..."
      retry
    else
      puts 'Error during commit ...'
      raise
    end
  end
end
# updates two collections in a transaction
def update_employee_info(session)
  employees_coll = session.client.use(:hr)[:employees]
  events_coll = session.client.use(:reporting)[:events]
  session.start_transaction(read_concern: { level: :snapshot },
                            write_concern: { w: :majority },
                            read: {mode: :primary})
  employees_coll.update_one({ employee: 3 }, { '$set' => { status: 'Inactive'} },
                            session: session)
  events_coll.insert_one({ employee: 3, status: { new: 'Inactive', old: 'Active' } },
                         session: session)
  commit_with_retry(session)
end
session = client.start_session
begin
  run_transaction_with_retry(session) do
    update_employee_info(session)
  end
rescue StandardError => e
  # Do something with error
  raise
end

/*
 * Copyright 2008-present MongoDB, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.mongodb.scala
import org.mongodb.scala.model.{Filters, Updates}
import org.mongodb.scala.result.UpdateResult
import scala.concurrent.Await
import scala.concurrent.duration.Duration
//scalastyle:off magic.number
class DocumentationTransactionsExampleSpec extends RequiresMongoDBISpec {
  // Implicit functions that execute the Observable and return the results
  val waitDuration = Duration(5, "seconds")
  implicit class ObservableExecutor[T](observable: Observable[T]) {
    def execute(): Seq[T] = Await.result(observable.toFuture(), waitDuration)
  }
  implicit class SingleObservableExecutor[T](observable: SingleObservable[T]) {
    def execute(): T = Await.result(observable.toFuture(), waitDuration)
  }
  // end implicit functions
  "The Scala driver" should "be able to commit a transaction" in withClient { client =>
    assume(serverVersionAtLeast(List(4, 0, 0)) && !hasSingleHost())
    client.getDatabase("hr").drop().execute()
    client.getDatabase("hr").createCollection("employees").execute()
    client.getDatabase("hr").createCollection("events").execute()
    updateEmployeeInfoWithRetry(client).execute() should equal(Completed())
    client.getDatabase("hr").drop().execute() should equal(Completed())
  }
  def updateEmployeeInfo(database: MongoDatabase, observable: SingleObservable[ClientSession]): SingleObservable[ClientSession] = {
    observable.map(clientSession => {
      val employeesCollection = database.getCollection("employees")
      val eventsCollection = database.getCollection("events")
      val transactionOptions = TransactionOptions.builder()
        .readPreference(ReadPreference.primary())
        .readConcern(ReadConcern.SNAPSHOT)
        .writeConcern(WriteConcern.MAJORITY)
        .build()
      clientSession.startTransaction(transactionOptions)
      employeesCollection.updateOne(clientSession, Filters.eq("employee", 3), Updates.set("status", "Inactive"))
        .subscribe((res: UpdateResult) => println(res))
      eventsCollection.insertOne(clientSession, Document("employee" -> 3, "status" -> Document("new" -> "Inactive", "old" -> "Active")))
        .subscribe((res: Completed) => println(res))
      clientSession
    })
  }
  def commitAndRetry(observable: SingleObservable[Completed]): SingleObservable[Completed] = {
    observable.recoverWith({
      case e: MongoException if e.hasErrorLabel(MongoException.UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION_COMMIT_RESULT_LABEL) => {
        println("UnknownTransactionCommitResult, retrying commit operation ...")
        commitAndRetry(observable)
      }
      case e: Exception => {
        println(s"Exception during commit ...: $e")
        throw e
      }
    })
  }
  def runTransactionAndRetry(observable: SingleObservable[Completed]): SingleObservable[Completed] = {
    observable.recoverWith({
      case e: MongoException if e.hasErrorLabel(MongoException.TRANSIENT_TRANSACTION_ERROR_LABEL) => {
        println("TransientTransactionError, aborting transaction and retrying ...")
        runTransactionAndRetry(observable)
      }
    })
  }
  def updateEmployeeInfoWithRetry(client: MongoClient): SingleObservable[Completed] = {
    val database = client.getDatabase("hr")
    val updateEmployeeInfoObservable: Observable[ClientSession] = updateEmployeeInfo(database, client.startSession())
    val commitTransactionObservable: SingleObservable[Completed] =
      updateEmployeeInfoObservable.flatMap(clientSession => clientSession.commitTransaction())
    val commitAndRetryObservable: SingleObservable[Completed] = commitAndRetry(commitTransactionObservable)
    runTransactionAndRetry(commitAndRetryObservable)
  }
}