Mai Nguyen

5 results

Binary Quantization & Rescoring: 96% Less Memory, Faster Search

We are excited to share that several new vector quantization capabilities are now available in public preview in MongoDB Atlas Vector Search : support for binary quantized vector ingestion, automatic scalar quantization, and automatic binary quantization and rescoring. Together with our recently released support for scalar quantized vector ingestion , these capabilities will empower developers to scale semantic search and generative AI applications more cost-effectively. For a primer on vector quantization, check out our previous blog post . Enhanced developer experience with native quantization in Atlas Vector Search Effective quantization methods—specifically scalar and binary quantization—can now be done automatically in Atlas Vector Search. This makes it easier and more cost-effective for developers to use Atlas Vector Search to unlock a wide range of applications, particularly those requiring over a million vectors. With the new “quantization” index definition parameters, developers can choose to use full-fidelity vectors by specifying “none,” or they can quantize vector embeddings by specifying the desired quantization type—”scalar” or “binary” (Figure 1). This native quantization capability supports vector embeddings from any model provider as well as MongoDB’s BinData float32 vector subtype . Figure 1: New index definition parameters for specifying automatic quantization type in Atlas Vector Search Scalar quantization—converting a float point into an integer—is generally used when it's crucial to maintain search accuracy on par with full-precision vectors. Meanwhile, binary quantization—converting a float point into a single bit of 0 or 1—is more suitable for scenarios where storage and memory efficiency are paramount, and a slight reduction in search accuracy is acceptable. If you’re interested in learning more about this process, check out our documentation . Binary quantization with rescoring: Balance cost and accuracy Compared to scalar quantization, binary quantization further reduces memory usage, leading to lower costs and improved scalability—but also a decline in search accuracy. To mitigate this, when “binary” is chosen in the “quantization” index parameter, Atlas Vector Search incorporates an automatic rescoring step, which involves re-ranking a subset of the top binary vector search results using their full-precision counterparts, ensuring that the final search results are highly accurate despite the initial vector compression. Empirical evidence demonstrates that incorporating a rescoring step when working with binary quantized vectors can dramatically enhance search accuracy, as shown in Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Combining binary quantization and rescoring helps retain search accuracy by up to 95% And as Figure 3 shows, in our tests, binary quantization reduced processing memory requirement by 96% while retaining up to 95% search accuracy and improving query performance. Figure 3: Improvements in Atlas Vector Search with the use of vector quantization It’s worth noting that even though the quantized vectors are used for indexing and search, their full-fidelity vectors are still stored on disk to support rescoring. Furthermore, retaining the full-fidelity vectors enables developers to perform exact vector search for experimental, high-precision use cases, such as evaluating the search accuracy of quantized vectors produced by different embedding model providers, as needed. For more on evaluating the accuracy of quantized vectors, please see our documentation . So how can developers make the most of vector quantization? Here are some example use cases that can be made more efficient and scaled effectively with quantized vectors: Massive knowledge bases can be used efficiently and cost-effectively for analysis and insight-oriented use cases, such as content summarization and sentiment analysis. Unstructured data like customer reviews, articles, audio, and videos can be processed and analyzed at a much larger scale, at a lower cost and faster speed. Using quantized vectors can enhance the performance of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) applications. The efficient processing can support query performance from large knowledge bases, and the cost-effectiveness advantage can enable a more scalable, robust RAG system, which can result in better customer and employee experience. Developers can easily A/B test different embedding models using multiple vectors produced from the same source field during prototyping. MongoDB’s flexible document model lets developers quickly deploy and compare embedding models’ results without the need to rebuild the index or provision an entirely new data model or set of infrastructure. The relevance of search results or context for large language models (LLMs) can be improved by incorporating larger volumes of vectors from multiple sources of relevance, such as different source fields (product descriptions, product images, etc.) embedded within the same or different models. To get started with vector quantization in Atlas Vector Search, see the following developer resources: Documentation: Vector Quantization in Atlas Vector Search Documentation: How to Measure the Accuracy of Your Query Results Tutorial: How to Use Cohere's Quantized Vectors to Build Cost-effective AI Apps With MongoDB

December 12, 2024

Vector Quantization: Scale Search & Generative AI Applications

Update 12/12/2024: The upcoming vector quantization capabilities mentioned at the end of this blog post are now available in public preview: Support for ingestion and indexing of binary (int1) quantized vectors: gives developers the flexibility to choose and ingest the type of quantized vectors that best fits their requirements. Automatic quantization and rescoring: provides a native mechanism for scalar quantization and binary quantization with rescoring, making it easier for developers to implement vector quantization entirely within Atlas Vector Search. View the documentation to get started. We are excited to announce a robust set of vector quantization capabilities in MongoDB Atlas Vector Search . These capabilities will reduce vector sizes while preserving performance, enabling developers to build powerful semantic search and generative AI applications with more scale—and at a lower cost. In addition, unlike relational or niche vector databases, MongoDB’s flexible document model—coupled with quantized vectors—allows for greater agility in testing and deploying different embedding models quickly and easily. Support for scalar quantized vector ingestion is now generally available, and will be followed by several new releases in the coming weeks. Read on to learn how vector quantization works and visit our documentation to get started! The challenges of large-scale vector applications While the use of vectors has opened up a range of new possibilities , such as content summarization and sentiment analysis, natural language chatbots, and image generation, unlocking insights within unstructured data can require storing and searching through billions of vectors—which can quickly become infeasible. Vectors are effectively arrays of floating-point numbers representing unstructured information in a way that computers can understand (ranging from a few hundred to billions of arrays), and as the number of vectors increases, so does the index size required to search over them. As a result, large-scale vector-based applications using full-fidelity vectors often have high processing costs and slow query times, hindering their scalability and performance. Vector quantization for cost-effectiveness, scalability, and performance Vector quantization, a technique that compresses vectors while preserving their semantic similarity, offers a solution to this challenge. Imagine converting a full-color image into grayscale to reduce storage space on a computer. This involves simplifying each pixel's color information by grouping similar colors into primary color channels or "quantization bins," and then representing each pixel with a single value from its bin. The binned values are then used to create a new grayscale image with smaller size but retaining most original details, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Illustration of quantizing an RGB image into grayscale Vector quantization works similarly, by shrinking full-fidelity vectors into fewer bits to significantly reduce memory and storage costs without compromising the important details. Maintaining this balance is critical, as search and AI applications need to deliver relevant insights to be useful. Two effective quantization methods are scalar (converting a float point into an integer) and binary (converting a float point into a single bit of 0 or 1). Current and upcoming quantization capabilities will empower developers to maximize the potential of Atlas Vector Search. The most impactful benefit of vector quantization is increased scalability and cost savings through reduced computing resources and efficient processing of vectors. And when combined with Search Nodes —MongoDB’s dedicated infrastructure for independent scalability through workload isolation and memory-optimized infrastructure for semantic search and generative AI workloads— vector quantization can further reduce costs and improve performance, even at the highest volume and scale to unlock more use cases. "Cohere is excited to be one of the first partners to support quantized vector ingestion in MongoDB Atlas,” said Nils Reimers, VP of AI Search at Cohere. “Embedding models, such as Cohere Embed v3, help enterprises see more accurate search results based on their own data sources. We’re looking forward to providing our joint customers with accurate, cost-effective applications for their needs.” In our tests, compared to full-fidelity vectors, BSON-type vectors —MongoDB’s JSON-like binary serialization format for efficient document storage—reduced storage size by 66% (from 41 GB to 14 GB). And as shown in Figures 2 and 3, the tests illustrate significant memory reduction (73% to 96% less) and latency improvements using quantized vectors, where scalar quantization preserves recall performance and binary quantization’s recall performance is maintained with rescoring–a process of evaluating a small subset of the quantized outputs against full-fidelity vectors to improve the accuracy of the search results. Figure 2: Significant storage reduction + good recall and latency performance with quantization on different embedding models Figure 3: Remarkable improvement in recall performance for binary quantization when combining with rescoring In addition, thanks to the reduced cost advantage, vector quantization facilitates more advanced, multiple vector use cases that would have been too computationally-taxing or cost-prohibitive to implement. For example, vector quantization can help users: Easily A/B test different embedding models using multiple vectors produced from the same source field during prototyping. MongoDB’s document model —coupled with quantized vectors—allows for greater agility at lower costs. The flexible document schema lets developers quickly deploy and compare embedding models’ results without the need to rebuild the index or provision an entirely new data model or set of infrastructure. Further improve the relevance of search results or context for large language models (LLMs) by incorporating vectors from multiple sources of relevance, such as different source fields (product descriptions, product images, etc.) embedded within the same or different models. How to get started, and what’s next Now, with support for the ingestion of scalar quantized vectors, developers can import and work with quantized vectors from their embedding model providers of choice (such as Cohere, Nomic, Jina, Mixedbread, and others)—directly in Atlas Vector Search. Read the documentation and tutorial to get started. And in the coming weeks, additional vector quantization features will equip developers with a comprehensive toolset for building and optimizing applications with quantized vectors: Support for ingestion of binary quantized vectors will enable further reduction of storage space, allowing for greater cost savings and giving developers the flexibility to choose the type of quantized vectors that best fits their requirements. Automatic quantization and rescoring will provide native capabilities for scalar quantization as well as binary quantization with rescoring in Atlas Vector Search, making it easier for developers to take full advantage of vector quantization within the platform. With support for quantized vectors in MongoDB Atlas Vector Search, you can build scalable and high-performing semantic search and generative AI applications with flexibility and cost-effectiveness. Check out these resources to get started documentation and tutorial . Head over to our quick-start guide to get started with Atlas Vector Search today.

October 7, 2024

Top Use Cases for Text, Vector, and Hybrid Search

Search is how we discover new things. Whether you’re looking for a pair of new shoes, the latest medical advice, or insights into corporate data, search provides the means to unlock the truth. Search habits—and the accompanying end-user expectations—have evolved along with changes to the search experiences offered by consumer apps like Google and Amazon. The days of the standard of 10 blue links may well be behind us, as new paradigms like vector search and generative AI (gen AI) have upended long-held search norms. But are all forms of search created equal, or should we be seeking out the right “flavor” of search for specific jobs? In this blog post, we will define and dig into various flavors of search, including text, vector and AI-powered search, and hybrid search, and discuss when to use each, including sample use cases where one type of search might be superior to others. Information retrieval revolutionized with text search The concept of text search has been baked into user behavior from the early days of the web, with the rudimentary text box entry and 10 blue link results based on text relevance to the initial query. This behavior and associated business model has produced trillions in revenue and has become one of the fiercest battlegrounds across the internet . Text search allows users to quickly find specific information within a large set of data by entering keywords or phrases. When a query is entered, the text search engine scans through indexed documents to locate and retrieve the most relevant results based on the keywords. Text search is a good solution for queries requiring exact matches where the overarching meaning isn't as critical. Some of the most common uses include: Catalog and content search: Using the search bar to find specific products or content based on keywords from customer inquiries. For example, a customer searching for "size 10 men trainers" or “installation guide” can instantly find the exact items they’re looking for, like how Nextar tapped into Atlas Search to enable physical retailers to create online catalogs. In-application search: This is well-suited for organizations with straightforward offerings to make it easier for users to locate key resources, but that don’t require advanced features like semantic retrieval or contextual re-ranking. For instance, if a user searches for "songs key of G," they can quickly receive relevant materials. This streamlines asset retrieval, allowing users to focus on the task they are trying to achieve and boosts overall satisfaction. For a company like Yousician , Atlas Search enabled their 20 million monthly active users to tackle their music lessons with ease. Customer 360: Unifying data from different sources to create a single, holistic view. Consolidated information such as user preferences, purchase history, and interaction data can be used to enhance business visibility and simplify the management, retrieval, and aggregation of user data. Consider a support agent searching for all information related to customer “John Doe." They can quickly access relevant attributes and interaction history, ensuring more accurate and efficient service. Helvetia was able to achieve success after migrating to MongoDB and using Atlas Search to deliver a single, 360-degree real-time view across all customer touchpoints and insurance products. AI and a new paradigm with vector search With advances in technology, vector search has emerged to help solve the challenge of providing relevant results even when the user may not know what they’re looking for. Vector search allows you to take any type of media or content, convert it into a vector using machine learning algorithms, and then search to find results similar to the target term. The similarity aspect is determined by converting your data into numerical high-dimensional vectors, and then calculating the distance between them to determine relevance—the closer the vector, the higher the relevance. There is a wide range of practical, powerful use cases powered by vector search—notably semantic search and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for gen AI. Semantic search focuses on meaning and prioritizes user intent by deciphering not just what users type but why they're searching, in order to provide more accurate and context-oriented search results. Some examples of semantic search include: Content/knowledge base search: Vast amounts of organizational data, structured and unstructured, with hidden insights, can benefit significantly from semantic search. Questions like “What’s our remote work policy?” can return accurate results even when the source materials do not contain the “remote” keyword, but rather have “return to office” or “hybrid” or other keywords. A real-world example of content search is the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia , which uses Atlas Vector Search to power semantic search across petabytes of text, audio, and visual content in its collections. Recommendation engines: Understanding users’ interests and intent is a strong competitive advantage–like how Netflix provides a personalized selection of shows and movies based on your watch history, or how Amazon recommends products based on your purchase history. This is particularly powerful in e-commerce, media & entertainment, financial services, and product/service-oriented industries where the customer experience tightly influences the bottom line. A success story is Delivery Hero , which leverages vector search-powered real-time recommendations to increase customer satisfaction and revenue. Anomaly detection: Identifying and preventing fraud, security breaches, and other system anomalies is paramount for all organizations. By grouping similar vectors and using vector search to identify outliers, potential threats can be detected early, enabling timely responses. Companies like VISO TRUST and Extrac are among the innovators that build their core offerings using semantic search for security and risk management. With the rise of large language models (LLMs), vector search is increasingly becoming essential in gen AI application development. It augments LLMs by providing domain-specific context outside of what the LLMs “know,” ensuring relevance and accuracy of the gen AI output. In this case, the semantic search outputs are used to enhance RAG. By providing relevant information from a vector database, vector search helps the RAG model generate responses that are more contextually relevant. By grounding the generated text in factual information, vector search helps reduce hallucinations and improve the accuracy of the response. Some common RAG applications are for chatbots and virtual assistants, which provide users with relevant responses and carry out tasks based on the user query, delivering enhanced user experience. Two real-world examples of such chatbot implementations are from our customers Okta and Kovai . Another popular application is using RAG to help generate content like articles, blog posts, scripts, code, and more, based on user prompts or data. This significantly accelerates content production, allowing organizations including Novo Nordisk and Scalestack to save time and produce content at scale, all at an accuracy level that was not possible without RAG. Beyond RAG, an emerging vector search usage is in agentic systems . Such a system is an architecture encompassing one or more AI agents with autonomous decision-making capabilities, able to access and use various system components and resources to achieve defined objectives while adapting to environmental feedback. Vector search enables efficient and semantically meaningful information retrieval in these systems, facilitating relevant context for LLMs, optimized tool selection, semantic understanding, and improved relevance ranking. Hybrid search: The best of both worlds Hybrid search combines the strengths of text search with the advanced capabilities of vector search to deliver more accurate and relevant search results. Hybrid search shines in scenarios where there's a need for both precision (where text search excels) and recall (where vector search excels), and where user queries can vary from simple to complex, including both keyword and natural language queries. Hybrid search delivers a more comprehensive, flexible information retrieval process, helping RAG models access a wider range of relevant information. For example, in a customer support context, hybrid search can ensure that the RAG model retrieves not only documents containing exact keywords but also semantically similar content, resulting in more informative and helpful responses. Hybrid search can also help reduce information overload by prioritizing the most relevant results. This allows RAG models to focus on processing and understanding the most critical information, leading to faster, more accurate responses, and improving the user experience. Powering your AI and search applications with MongoDB As your organization continues to innovate in the rapidly evolving technology ecosystem, building robust AI and search applications supporting customer, employee, and stakeholder experiences can deliver powerful competitive advantages. With MongoDB, you can efficiently deploy full-text search , vector search , and hybrid search capabilities. Start building today—simplify your developer experience while increasing impact in MongoDB’s fully-managed, secure vector database, integrated with a vast AI partner ecosystem , including all major cloud providers, generative AI model providers, and system integrators. Head over to our quick-start guide to get started with Atlas Vector Search today.

September 16, 2024

Find Hidden Insights in Vector Databases: Semantic Clustering

Vector databases, a powerful class of databases designed to optimize the storage, processing, and retrieval of large volume, multi-dimensional data, have increasingly been instrumental to generative AI (gen AI) applications, with Forrester predicted a 200% increase in the adoption of vector databases in 2024. But their power extends far beyond these applications. Semantic vector clustering, a technique within vector databases, can unlock hidden knowledge within your organization’s data, democratizing insights across teams. View the tutorial to get started. Mining diverse data for hidden knowledge Imagine your organization’s data as a library of diverse knowledge—a treasure trove of information waiting to be unearthed. Traditionally, uncovering valuable insights from data often relied on asking the right questions, which can be a challenge for developers, data scientists, and business leaders alike. They might spend vast amounts of time sifting through limited, siloed datasets, potentially missing hidden gems buried within the organization's vast data troves. Simply put, without knowing the right questions to ask, these valuable insights often remain undiscovered, leading to missed opportunities or losses. Enter vector databases and semantic vector clustering. A vector database is designed to store and manage unstructured data efficiently. Within a vector database, semantic vector clustering is a technique for organizing information by grouping vectors with similar meaning together. Text analysis, sentiment analysis, knowledge classification, and uncovering semantic connections between data sets—these are just a few examples of how semantic vector clustering empowers organizations to vastly improve data mining. Semantic vector clustering offers a multifaceted approach to organizational improvement. By analyzing text data, it can illuminate customer and employee sentiments, behaviors, and preferences, informing strategic decisions, enhancing customer service, and optimizing employee satisfaction. Furthermore, it revolutionizes knowledge management by categorizing information into easily accessible clusters, thereby boosting collaboration and efficiency. Finally, by bridging data silos and uncovering hidden relationships, semantic vector clustering facilitates informed decision-making and breaks down organizational barriers. For example, the business can gain significant insights from its customer interaction data which is routinely kept, classified, or summarized. Those data points (texts, numbers, images, videos, etc.) can be vectorized and semantic vector clustering applied to identify the most prominent customer patterns (the densest vector clusters) from those interactions, classifications, or summaries. From the identified patterns, the business can take further actions or make more informed decisions that they wouldn’t have been able to do otherwise. The power of semantic vector clustering So, how does semantic vector clustering achieve all this? Discover semantic structures: Clustering groups similar LLM-embedded vector sets together. This allows for fast retrieval of themes. Beyond clustering regular vectors (individual data points or concepts), clustering RAG vectors (summarization of themes and concepts) can provide superior LLM contexts compared to basic semantic search. Reduce data complexity via clustering: Data points are grouped based on overall similarity, effectively reducing the complexity of the data. This reveals patterns and summarizes key features, making it easier to grasp the bigger picture. Imagine organizing the library by theme or genre, making it easier to navigate vast amounts of information. Semantic auto-aggregation: Here is the coolest part. We can classify groups of vectors into hierarchies by effectively semantically "auto-aggregating" them. This means that the data itself “figures out” these groups and "self-organizes." Imagine a library with an efficient automated catalog system, allowing researchers to find what they need quickly and easily. Vector clustering can be used to create hierarchies, essentially "auto-aggregating" groups of vectors semantically. Think of it as automatically organizing sections of the library based on thematic connections without a set of pre-built questions. This allows you to identify patterns within a vast, semantically-diverse data within your organization. Unlock hidden insights in your vector database The semantic clustering of vector embeddings is a powerful tool to go beyond the surface of data and identify meanings that otherwise would not have been discovered. By unlocking hidden relationships and patterns, you can extract valuable insights that drive better decision-making, enhance customer experiences, and improve overall business efficiency—all enabled through MongoDB’ secure, unified, and fully-managed vector database capabilities. Check out our tutorial to learn how to get started. Head over to our quick-start guide to get started with Atlas Vector Search today. Add vector search to your arsenal for more accurate and cost-efficient RAG applications by enrolling in the MongoDB and DeepLearning.AI course " Prompt Compression and Query Optimization " for free today.

August 19, 2024

Exact Nearest Neighbor Vector Search for Precise Retrieval

With its ability to efficiently handle high-dimensional, unstructured data, vector search delivers relevant results even when users don’t know what they’re looking for and uses machine learning models to find similar results across any data type. Rapidly emerging as a key technology for modern applications, vector search empowers developers to build next-generation search and generative AI applications faster and easier. MongoDB Atlas Vector Search goes beyond the approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) methods with the introduction of exact nearest neighbor (ENN) vector search . This innovative capability guarantees retrieval of the absolute closest vectors to your query, eliminating the accuracy limitations inherent in ANN. In sum, ENN vector search can help you unleash a new level of precision for your search and generative AI applications, improving benchmarking and moving to production faster. When exact nearest neighbor (ENN) vector search benefits developers While ANN shines in searching across large datasets, ENN vector search offers advantages in specific scenarios: Small-scale vector data: For datasets under 10,000 vectors, the linear time complexity of ENN vector search makes it a viable option, especially considering the added development complexity of tuning ANN parameters. Recall benchmarking of ANN queries: ANN queries are fast, particularly as the scale of your indexed vectors increases, but it may not be easy to know whether the retrieved documents by vector relevance correspond to the guaranteed closest vectors in your index. Using ENN can help provide that exact result set for comparison with your approximate result set, using jaccard similarity or other rank-aware recall metrics. This will allow you to have much greater confidence that your ANN queries are accurate since you can build quantitative benchmarks as your data evolves. Multi-tenant architectures: Imagine a scenario with millions of vectors categorized by tenants. You might search for the closest vectors within a specific tenant (identified by a tenant ID). In cases where the overall vector collection is large (in the millions) but the number of vectors per tenant is small (a few thousand), ANN's accuracy suffers when applying highly selective filters. ENN vector search thrives in this multi-tenant scenario, delivering precise results even with small result sets. Example use cases The small dataset size allows for exhaustive search within a reasonable timeframe, making exact nearest neighbor approach a viable option for finding the most similar data point, improving accuracy confidence in a number of use cases, such as: Multi-tenant data service: You might be building a business providing an agentic service that understands your customers’ data and takes actions on their behalf. When retrieving relevant proprietary data for that agent, it is critical that the right metadata filter be applied and that ENN be executed to retrieve the right sets of documents only corresponding to the appropriate data tenant IDs. Proof of concept development: For instance, a new recommendation engine might have a limited library compared to established ones. Here, ENN vector search can be used to recommend products to a small set of early adopters. Since the data is limited, an exhaustive search becomes practical, ensuring the user gets the most relevant recommendations from the available options. How ENN vector search works on MongoDB Atlas The ENN vector search feature in Atlas integrates seamlessly with the existing $vectorSearch stage within your Atlas aggregation pipelines. Its key characteristics include: Guaranteed accuracy: Unlike ANN, ENN always returns the closest vectors to your query, adhering to the specified limit. Eventual consistency: Similar to approximate vector search, ENN vector search follows an eventual consistency model. Simplified configuration: Unlike approximate vector search, where tuning numCandidates is crucial, ENN vector search only requires specifying the desired limit of returned vectors. Scalable recall evaluation: Atlas allows querying a large number of indexed vectors, facilitating the calculation of comprehensive recall sets for effective evaluation. Fast query execution: ENN vector search query execution can maintain sub-second latency for unfiltered queries up to 10,000 documents. It can also provide low-latency responses for highly selective filters that restrict a broad set of documents into 10,000 documents or less, ordered by vector relevance. Build more with ENN vector search ENN vector search can be a powerful tool when building a proof of concept for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), semantic search, or recommendation systems powered by vector search. It simplifies the developer experience by minimizing overhead complexity and latency while giving you the flexibility to implement and benchmark precise retrieval. Explore more use cases and build applications faster, start experimenting with ENN vector search. Head over to our quick-start guide to get started with Atlas Vector Search today.

June 20, 2024